The main aim of this research was to investigate the impact of organizational structure on organizational performance and organizational learning capacity with the mediating role of organizational identity among elementary school female teachers in the governmental sector in Region One of Urmia City during the academic year 2022–2023. This study is considered applied research and, given the nature of the subject and research objectives, it is descriptive correlational in design using structural equation modeling. The statistical population of the research included all female elementary school teachers in Region One of Urmia City (500 individuals), from which a sample of 217 teachers was randomly selected using simple random sampling method and the Morgan table. Questionnaires by Robbins were used to assess organizational structure, Talbot's questionnaire for measuring organizational performance, Chiwa et al. questionnaire for evaluating organizational learning capacity, and Chen's questionnaire for examining organizational identity. The validity of the questionnaires was confirmed through confirmatory factor analysis, and their reliability was established with Cronbach's alpha coefficients of 0.93, 0.97, 0.91, and 0.89 respectively. Data was analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient tests and structural equation modeling with SPSS 28 and Smart PLS 4 software. The research findings indicated that organizational structure does not have a direct effect on organizational performance. Organizational structure directly influences organizational learning capacity. Organizational structure directly impacts organizational identity. Organizational identity directly affects organizational performance. Organizational identity does not have a direct effect on organizational learning capacity. Organizational structure indirectly influences organizational performance through the mediating role of organizational identity. However, organizational structure does not have an indirect effect on organizational learning capacity through the mediating role of organizational identity. These findings not only shed light on the relationship between key organizational components but also assist organizational managers and decision-makers in adopting the best management strategies and policies to enhance performance and promote organizational learning within their organizations